Aves | 
Charadriiformes | 
Laridae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Others.  Subtropical; 62°N -   8°N, 126°W -   53°W (Ref. 124582)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean:  Belize, Costa Rica and Netherlands Antilles.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 53.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 471.00 g (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 4.24 cm; tarsus: 5.08 cm; wing: 37.7 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  45 to 53 cm; Wingspan:  121 to 127 cm (Ref. 8812). Coastal; <31 km (Ref. 356). One of the few species that nest and forage in inland habitats, and move to the coast during non-breeding season.  Nest of simple construction.  Embryos are exceptionally known to elicit parental incubation behavior by vocalizing.  Regurgitated pellets cast by adults to feed its cheeks during the nestling period contain mostly earthworms or fish (Ref. 87784).  Display dipping and surface plunging (Ref. 356).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
				Lepage, D. 2007 Avibase -the World Bird Database. http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp [accessed 09/07/2007]. (Ref. 7816)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 6.3 - 27.9, mean 12 (based on 2049 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.