Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range
Sinh thái học
; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ. Tropical; 84°N - 36°S, 130°W - 128°E (Tài liệu tham khảo 124582)
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic. Tropical to polar.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Weight / Age
Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 66.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Tài liệu tham khảo 8812); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 1.1 kg (Tài liệu tham khảo 356)
Culmen: 5.09 cm; tarsus: 5.715 cm; wing: 41.15 cm.
Total Length: 56 to 66 cm; Wingspan: 137 (Ref. 8812) to 147 cm (Ref. 84934). Total population is unknown but with over 1,000,000 pairs in the Palearctic and over 150,000 pairs in eastern North America. Population has expanded and is now considered a pest in some European countries (Ref. 84934). Colonies of these birds can extend to 2 km (Ref. 87784). It has a 70% dispersal rate (Ref. 87790). Dipping; surface seizing; shallow plunge diving; coastal; <100 km (Ref. 356). Largely dependent on freshwater and terrestrial environments. Feeds mostly on non-fish vertebrate prey. In the North Sea off the coasts of Scotland and northern England, is known to partially feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Ref. 95711). Breeds colonially in a wide variety of habitats including roofs in North America, Europe and northeast Asia (Ref. 84934). One of its observed behavior is to balance between attack and fleeing, these birds redirects their aggression and attack to a substitute object like grass pulling (Ref. 87789). As for coloniality, they visit breeding colonies for a year to select a colony, a potential nesting site, and to obtain a mate to determine if the site is where young are successfully reared (Ref. 84934).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Chín muồi sinh dục | Sự tái sinh sản | Đẻ trứng | Eggs | Sự sinh sản | Larvae
Stiles, F.G. 1984 Status and conservation of seabirds in Costa Rican waters. In Croxall, J.P., Evans, P.G.H. and Schreiber, R.W. (eds.), Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication 2:223-229. (Tài liệu tham khảo 5856)
IUCN Red List Status
(Tài liệu tham khảo 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Tài liệu tham khảo 108899)
Not Evaluated
CMS (Tài liệu tham khảo 116361)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Các công cụ
Thêm thông tin
Life cycleSự tái sinh sản
Chín muồi sinh dục
Sự sinh sản
Đẻ trứng
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologyThành phần ô-xy
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Các nguồn internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 2.6 - 24.3, mean 10.1 (based on 3678 cells).
Thích nghi nhanh
Chiêù cao, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là dưới 15 tháng (K=23.52-45.31).
Fishing Vulnerability
Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.
