Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Others; freshwater. Tropical; 79°N - 29°S, 98°W - 133°E (Ref. 124582)
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and the Arctic. Tropical to polar.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 61.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 830.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 5.07 cm; wing: 42.65 cm.
Total Length: 51 to 61 cm; Wingspan: 124 to 127 cm (Ref. 8812). A coastal species (Ref. 356). Found on bay and nearshore, beach and shoreline (Ref. 116102). Largely dependent on freshwater and terrestrial environments. Feeds mostly on non-fish vertebrate prey (Ref. 95711). Displays surface plunging and dipping behavior (Ref. 356). In the North Sea off the coasts of Scotland and northern England, is known to partially feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Ref. 95711).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Lepage, D. 2007 Avibase -the World Bird Database. http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp [accessed 09/07/2007]. (Ref. 7816)
IUCN Red List Status
(Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Tools
More information
Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologyOxygen consumption
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 5.1 - 18.8, mean 10.3 (based on 1140 cells).
Fishing Vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.