Pycnogonida | 
Pantopoda | 
Ammotheidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 9).  Temperate			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Southwest Pacific:  New Zealand and Sub Antarctic Islands.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Trunk:  circular in dorsal outline, segmentation lines lacking first or second segments divided by line.  Trunk and appendage spines with bifurcate tips, some trifurcate.  Lateral processes:  smooth, with small setae, touching for  their lengths.  Ocular tubercle:  short, eyes prominent.  Palp:  distal 3 segments carried anaxially on extended 5th segment.  Oviger strigilis:  with setae but with small denticulate spines.  Coxa:  2 distally swollen in females, with ventrodistal spur in males.  Major leg:  segments with longer than dorsal and lateral spines and few short setae.  Tarsus:  typical, very short, well curved, with 4, 5, or 6 larger heel spines, 8-10 small sole spines, claw and auxiliaries typical, robust (Ref. 9).					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					New Zealand and Sub Antarctic Islands, from 0 to 50 m. The Mahai Peninsula, shallow waters of South Island and its offshore island; endemic (Ref. 9).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the class Pycnogonida are gonochoric and sexually dimorphic.  During copulation, male usually suspends itself beneath the female.  Fertilization occurs as the eggs leave the female's ovigers.  Males brood the egg masses until they hatch.  Life cycle:  Eggs hatch into protonymphon larva then to adults.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Child, C.A. 1998 The marine fauna of New Zealand: Pycnogonida (sea spiders). NIWA Biodiversity Memoire 109. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). Washington, D.C. 20530, USA. 71 p. + Figure 2A-G, 3A-F, 4, 5. (Ref. 9)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Trophic EcologyFood items (preys)
Diet composition
Food consumption
Predators
  Population dynamicsGrowth
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Abundance
  Life cycleReproductionMaturityFecunditySpawningEggsEgg developmentLarvae   PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 11.7 - 20.2, mean 17.6 (based on 36 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
						
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.