Aves |
Procellariiformes |
Procellariidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
.
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea and the Arctic.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 43.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8812); 最大體重: 543.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 4.7 cm; tarsus: 4.95 cm; wing: 27.8 cm.
Total Length: 41 to 43 cm; Wingspan: 97 to 100 cm (Ref. 8812). Found over sea and along shores (Ref. 83946). Colonial breeder on marine islands. Gregarious at sea; sometimes trail ships (Ref. 91362). With one of the largest global populations of >10 million individuals. Found only in the Pacific. Undergoes south to north transequatorial migrations. Huge numbers migrate from the Antipodes to the North Pacific during the northern summer. Long-lived. Half of adults mate with same partner for life, with mean number of partners <2 and 30-40% of mate changes attributed to death of partner. Does not breed in the North Pacific despite multitudes spending austral winter there after their transequatorial migration from breeding areas (Ref. 87784). Breeds only in Australia and Tasmania; spends boreal summer in north Pacific and Bering Sea (Ref. 81748, 87784). In southeast Australia, breeding individuals forage for food for their chicks close to the colony but feed in the rich waters of the Polar Frontal Zone about 1000 km away. Surface foragers and also able to pursue prey underwater by diving (Ref. 87784). Able to plunge deep in water (Ref. 81748). ENSO event of 1997-1998 caused mortality in the thousands linked to starvation caused by movement of warm, nutrient-depleted water (up to 60 m deep) into its area in the Bering Sea and Alaska. Population declines also linked to fishing-net mortality (Ref. 87784).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Lepage, D. 2007. (Ref. 7816)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 August 2018
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
| FishSource |
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=11.32-20.88).
瀕危性
Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100).
價格種類
Unknown.
