| Main Ref. | Schneider, W., 1990 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Demersal, neritic (Ref. 112172). Occurs from the surface to a depth of 2500 m (Ref. 2614). Juveniles feed mainly on fishes while adults consume crustaceans (Ref. 112351). Migrates to offshore waters during winter; spawning is thought to occur in the continental slope (Ref. 2614). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
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| Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Pelagic; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Schneider, W., 1990 | 
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | Schneider, W., 1990 | 
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Quetglas, A., F. Alemany, A. Carbonell, P. Merella and P. Sánchez, 1999 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | Quetglas, A., F. Alemany, A. Carbonell, P. Merella and P. Sánchez, 1999 | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.19 | 0.56 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 4.40 | 0.92 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Rosas-Luis, R., R. Villanueva and P. Sánchez, 2014 | ||||