| Main Ref. | Cairns, S.D., D.R. Calder, A. Brinckmann-Voss, C.B. Castro, D.G. Fautin, P.R. Pugh, C.E. Mills, W.C. Jaap, M.N. Arai, S.H.D. Haddock and D.M. Opresko, 2003 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found in shallow waters on stones and mollusk shells (Ref. 120468). Meroplanktonic (Ref. 120471). Found in coastal boreal and arctic waters (Ref. 64386). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Orlov, D., 1996 |
| Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; rock; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Orlov, D., 1996 |
| Ref. | Schuchert, P., 2001 |
|---|---|
| Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Møller, L.F. and H.U. Riisgård, 2007 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Smoot, C.A. and R.R. Hopcroft, 2017 |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.38 | 0.33 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||