| Main Ref. | Kramp, P.L., 1961 |
|---|---|
| Remarks |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Purcell, J.E. and M.N. Arai, 2001 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Zaprora silenus |
| Association remarks | Also with Merlangius merlangus and Trachurus trachurus. |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Barz, K. and H.J. Hirche, 2007 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Barz, K. and H.J. Hirche, 2007 |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.35 | 0.36 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||