| Main Ref. | Oliver, W.R.B., 1912 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | A wader; feeds in marshes and floodplains; breeds near river lowlands (Ref. 95154). Highly omnivorous. The Hunter estuary saltmarsh and intertidal mudflats, south-eastern Australia, identified as feeding and roosting ground for non-breeding birds; where they feed during the day and roost at night; from where they migrate to Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, northern China or Japan to breed each season. Overwintering birds preyed on by raptors in this region; non-breeding plumage provide good camouflage in the saltmarsh; observed flattening themselves against vegetation when raptors are overhead; when sensing threat, vocalizes warning alarm calls to alert the flock. Population decline linked to coastal developments that compromise their saltmarsh habitat (Ref. 95283). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Spencer, J., 2010 |
| Feeding habit | |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.14 | 0.29 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||