| Main Ref. | Rice, D.W., 1998 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Feeds mainly on krill offshore; and other prey items such as amphipods and fish. Their prey species varies geographically. Reports suggests a bimodal diurnal feeding rhythm with a primary peak in the early morning and a secondary one in the late evening. It takes 8 hours to digest their stomach contents (Ref. 79551). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. | 
| Ref. | Rice, D.W., 1998 | 
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | 
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Tamura, T. and K. Konishi, 2005 | 
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | 
| Feeding habit Ref. | Tamura, T. and K. Konishi, 2005 | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.20 | 0.40 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.89 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Tamura, T. and K. Konishi, 2005 | ||||