| Main Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found in locations more exposed to wind and weather; prefer waters of the continental shelf and slope. Feeds on a wide variety of pelagic near-surface fishes and squids, and benthic prey, particularly octopuses; occasionally feeds on penguins and other marine birds. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.46 | 0.79 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| From individual food items | 4.48 | 0.87 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Fea, N.I., R. Harcourt and C. Lalas, 1999 | ||||