| Main Ref. | Soule, J.D., 1963 | 
|---|---|
| Remarks | Epibenthic, encrusting (Ref. 116066). In cool temperate to tropical waters (Ref. 874). Grows on varied surfaces: other bryozoans, algae, seagrasses, oyster valves, sandstone boulders, dock, pilings, breakwaters and man-made debris (Ref. 83404). | 
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies | 
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| Substrate | Benthic: sessile; Hard Bottom: rubble; | 
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001 | 
| Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; rock; sea grass; Coral Reefs: reef flats; Other habitats: vegetation ( roots/holdfast, ); pilings; boat hulls; | 
| Special habitats Ref. | Wells, F.E., J.I. McDonald and J.M. Huisman, 2009 | 
| Ref. | Soule, J.D., 1963 | 
|---|---|
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| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism | 
| Feeding type | |
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| Feeding type Ref. | |
| Feeding habit | |
| Feeding habit Ref. | 
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | |||||
| Ref. | |||||