| Main Ref. | Stevenson, D.K. and F. Pierce, 1985 |
| Mode | protandry |
| Fertilization | |
| Spawning Frequency | |
| Batch Spawner | No |
| Reproductive Guild | |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |